Autotaxin, also known as ENPP-2, is a secreted glycoprotein which belongs to the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family. Generally, NPPs can hydrolyze phosphates from nucleotides. Autotaxin exhibits the unique lysophospholipase D activity. The mature protein includes two somatomedin-B-like (SMB) cysteine knot domains, a catalytic domain, and an inactive C-terminal nuclease-like domain with an ef-hand-like motif that is important in cell motility, and a region involved in autotaxin secretion. There are three isoforms identified in mouse and human. Most circulating autotaxin is the β form which contains 863 amino acid. Autotaxin contributes to the predominant extracellular source of the phospholipid LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) from LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine). Autotaxin can also produce minor amounts of sphingosine 1-phosphate and cyclic phosphatidic acid which can antagonize many of the tumorigenic properties of LPA. Autotaxin stimulates tumor cell motility and enhances invasion and metastasis. It’s upregulated in melanoma, glioblastoma, breast and lung carcinoma, follicular lymphoma and other cancers. Autotaxin production by adipocytes enhances pre-adipocyte proliferation and may be
elevated in obesity. Autotaxin is present in blood, urine, saliva, seminal and cerebrospinal fluids. In addition, plasma autotaxin is cleared by the liver which is elevated in liver disease. Normal serum or plasma autotaxin concentration is reported to be slightly higher in females than in males and highest in pregnant females.

This assay is a quantitative sandwich ELISA.The micro-plate is pre-coated with a rabbit polyclonal antibody against human autotaxin. Standards and samples are pipetted into the wells and any human autotaxin present is bound by the immobilized antibody. After washing away any unbound substances, a biotin labelled polyclonal antibody specific for human autotaxin is added to the wells. After wash step to remove any unbound reagents, streptavidin-HRP conjugate (STP-HRP) is added. After the last wash step, an HRP substrate solution is added and colour develops in proportion to the amount of human autotaxin bound initially. The assay is stopped and the optical density of the wells determined using a microplate reader. Since the increases in absorbance are directly proportional to the amount of captured human autotaxin, the unknown sample concentration can be interpolated from a reference curve included in each assay

A. Typical representation of standard curve

The following standard curve is provided for demonstration only.  A standard curve should be generated for each assay. 

Human autotaxin (ng/mL)	Absorbance (450 nm)	Blanked Absorbance
0	0.061	0
0.78	0.106	0.045
1.56	0.141	0.08
3.12	0.222	0.161
6.25	0.368	0.307
12.5	0.656	0.595
25	1.191	1.13
50	2.355	2.294

 

B. Sensitivity

The lowest level of CRP that can be detected by this assay is 0.78 ng/mL.

C. Precision

Intra-assay Precision (Precision within an assay) C.V. <5%.

Inter-assay Precision (Precision between assays) C.V. <6.1%.

 

D. Spiking and Recovery

Serum samples were assayed by adding 90 µL of the sample and 10 µl of spike stock solution calculated to yield the intended 0, 5, 10 ng/mL spike concentration. The recovery of human autotaxin spiked to different levels falls in 90-110%.

 

E. Linearity and Recovery

The recovery of the assay was determined by adding spiking different levels of recombinant human autotaxin protein  to a sample. The measured concentration of the spiked sample in the assay was compared to the expected concentration. The average recovery was 98%.

• Qiu H, Song E, Hu Y, Li T, Ku KC, Wang C, Cheung BMY, Cheong LY, Wang Q, Wu X, Hoo RLC, Wang Y, Xu A. Hepatocyte-Secreted Autotaxin Exacerbates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Autocrine Inhibition of the PPARα/FGF21 Axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;14(5):1003-1023.